About Biblical Slavery

Slavery was permitted in the Bible because of sin in the world.  It existed before the Jews were formed as a nation and it existed after Israel was conquered.  God allows many things to happen in the world such as storms, famine, murder, etc.  Slavery, like divorce, is not preferred by God.  Instead, it is allowed.  While many nations treated their slaves very badly, the Bible gave many rights and privileges to slaves.  So, even though it isn't the best way to deal with people, because God has allowed man freedom, slavery then exists.  God instructed the Israelites to treat them properly.

The Bible acknowledged the slave's status as the property of the master (Ex. 21:21; Lev. 25:46).
The Bible restricted the master's power over the slave. (Ex. 21:20)
The slave was a member of the master's household (Lev. 22:11).
The slave was required to rest on the Sabbath (Exodus 20:10; Deut. 5:14).
The slave was required to participate in religious observances (Gen. 17:13; Exodus 12:44; Lev. 22:11).
The Bible prohibited extradition of slaves and granted them asylum (Deut. 23:16-17).
The servitude of a Hebrew debt-slave was limited to six years (Ex. 21:2; Deut. 15:12).
When a slave was freed, he was to receive gifts that enabled him to survive economically (Deut. 15:14).
The reality of slavery cannot be denied.  "Slave labor played a minor economic role in the ancient Near East, for privately-owned slaves functioned more as domestic servants than as an agricultural or industrial labor force."

Source:
https://carm.org/slavery

The Trinity

Genesis 1:1World English Bible (WEB)

1 In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.

One of the most difficult Bible doctrines to explain is the doctrine of the Trinity. The doctrine of the Trinity can be summed up by describing God as being three persons in one. This is a hard thing to understand because how can something be three and one at the same time? From Genesis 1:1 as seen above we read the beginning account of creation. The word “God” that is in bold letters can be explained as the very first mention of what we now call the “Trinity.”

The word “God” in it's proper context, and in the the Hebrew language, is the word: Elohim. This is actually a compound phrase that means 'singular and plural God (or deity)'.

El=Singular deity (One God)

Him=Plural (More than one)

Elohim

We can take a closer look at this by reading further to verses 26 and 27. These are key verses to the plurality of God.

Genesis 1:26-27 World English Bible (WEB)

26 God said, “Let us make man in our image, after our likeness: and let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the birds of the sky, and over the livestock, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.” 27 God created man in his own image. In God’s image he created him; male and female he created them.

Keeping the previous information in mind, we can see the keywords that are in bold lettering to show emphasis show that God is plural (Let Us, in our image, after our likeness) and singular (God created, in his own, In God's Image, he created, male and female he created.)

There are two different forms of this word Elohim:

As we have just discussed: Deity who is singular and plural.

The royal "we", or majestic plural, is the use of a plural pronoun to refer to a single person holding a high office, such as a sovereign or religious leader.

Some have asserted that given the context of this particular verse would be the royal “We” understanding, which would make sense except that there is no other verse in the Bible where this is exemplified. No other leader in the Bible is referred to in the plural respect which leads us to believe that the context is contrary to that, but rather is the first definition.





The Persons of God

Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.  

All three divine, coexisting, co eternal, omniscient, omnipresent, and omnipotent.  They are one God in three persons.  

I have heard someone say, "What language is this?" Yet that is what is recorded in the Bible that all three persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are  indeed God.

Since the beginning God reveals from the Bible that He is one, and more than one at the same time then He reveals Himself to us throughout His Word.

The Father

Creator of all.  The Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.  “The Potter” (Isaiah 64:8)

The Son
Our redeemer.  The express image of the invisible God. (Colossians 1:12-20)

The Holy Spirit
Our Helper, Comforter, and Guide. (John 14:26; John 16:13)


Even in Genesis all three are manifested:
The Father-
Genesis 1:3-29 It says “God said” 10 times. These are references to God the Father, the Creator.

The Son-
Genesis 1:8 “They heard Yahweh God’s voice walking in the garden...” In John 1:1 Jesus is called the “Word” who was from “the beginning” “with God” and “Was God.”

The Holy Spirit-
Genesis 1:2 “The earth was formless and empty. Darkness was on the surface of the deep and God’s Spirit was hovering over the surface of the waters.”

The three are manifested in
Matthew 3:16-17
16 Jesus, when he was baptized, went up directly from the water: and behold, the heavens were opened to him. He saw the Spirit of God descending as a dove, and coming on him. 17 Behold, a voice out of the heavens said, “This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased.”

Words to know: Singular- One. Plural- More than one. Deity- A god. Elohim- 1. Deity that is singular and plural simultaneously. 2. The royal "we"- or majestic plural, is the use of a plural pronoun to refer to a single person holding a high office, such as a sovereign or religious leader.

Names of God:

Each of the many names of God describes a different aspect of His many-faceted character. Here are some of the better-known names of God in the Bible:

EL, ELOAH: God "mighty, strong, prominent" (Nehemiah 9:17; Psalm 139:19) – etymologically, El appears to mean “power,” as in “I have the power to harm you” (Genesis 31:29). El is associated with other qualities, such as integrity (Numbers 23:19), jealousy(Deuteronomy 5:9), and compassion(Nehemiah 9:31), but the root idea of “might” remains.

ELOHIM: God “Creator, Mighty and Strong”(Genesis 17:7; Jeremiah 31:33) – the plural form of Eloah, which accommodates the doctrine of the Trinity. From the Bible’s first sentence, the superlative nature of God’s power is evident as God (Elohim) speaks the world into existence (Genesis 1:1).

EL SHADDAI: “God Almighty,” “The Mighty One of Jacob” (Genesis 49:24; Psalm 132:2,5) – speaks to God’s ultimate power over all.

ADONAI: “Lord” (Genesis 15:2; Judges 6:15) – used in place of YHWH, which was thought by the Jews to be too sacred to be uttered by sinful men. In the Old Testament, YHWH is more often used in God’s dealings with His people, while Adonai is used more when He deals with the Gentiles.

YHWH / YAHWEH / JEHOVAH: “LORD”(Deuteronomy 6:4; Daniel 9:14) – strictly speaking, the only proper name for God. Translated in English Bibles “LORD” (all capitals) to distinguish it from Adonai, “Lord.” The revelation of the name is first given to Moses “I Am who I Am” (Exodus 3:14). This name specifies an immediacy, a presence. Yahweh is present, accessible, near to those who call on Him for deliverance (Psalm 107:13), forgiveness (Psalm 25:11) and guidance (Psalm 31:3).

YAHWEH-JIREH: "The Lord Will Provide"(Genesis 22:14) – the name memorialized by Abraham when God provided the ram to be sacrificed in place of Isaac.

YAHWEH-RAPHA: "The Lord Who Heals"(Exodus 15:26) – “I am Jehovah who heals you” both in body and soul. In body, by preserving from and curing diseases, and in soul, by pardoning iniquities.

YAHWEH-NISSI: "The Lord Our Banner" (Exodus 17:15), where banner is understood to be a rallying place. This name commemorates the desert victory over the Amalekites in Exodus 17.

YAHWEH-M'KADDESH: "The Lord Who Sanctifies, Makes Holy" (Leviticus 20:8; Ezekiel 37:28) – God makes it clear that He alone, not the law, can cleanse His people and make them holy.

YAHWEH-SHALOM: "The Lord Our Peace"(Judges 6:24) – the name given by Gideon to the altar he built after the Angel of the Lord assured him he would not die as he thought he would after seeing Him.

YAHWEH-TSIDKENU: "The Lord Our Righteousness” (Jeremiah 33:16) – As with YHWH-M’Kaddesh, it is God alone who provides righteousness to man, ultimately in the person of His Son, Jesus Christ, who became sin for us “that we might become the Righteousness of God in Him” (2 Corinthians 5:21).

YAHWEH-ROHI: "The Lord Our Shepherd"(Psalm 23:1) – After David pondered his relationship as a shepherd to his sheep, he realized that was exactly the relationship God had with him, and so he declares, “Yahweh-Rohi is my Shepherd. I shall not want” (Psalm 23:1).

YAHWEH-SHAMMAH: "The Lord Is There”(Ezekiel 48:35) – the name ascribed to Jerusalem and the Temple there, indicating that the once-departed glory of the Lord(Ezekiel 8:11) had returned (Ezekiel 44:1-4).

YAHWEH-SABAOTH: "The Lord of Hosts"(Isaiah 1:24; Psalm 46:7) – Hosts means “hordes,” both of angels and of men. He is Lord of the host of heaven and of the inhabitants of the earth, of Jews and Gentiles, of rich and poor, master and slave. The name is expressive of the majesty, power, and authority of God and shows that He is able to accomplish what He determines to do.

EL ELYON: “Most High" (Deuteronomy 26:19) – derived from the Hebrew root for “go up” or “ascend,” so the implication is of that which is the very highest. El Elyon denotes exaltation and speaks of absolute right to lordship.

EL ROI: "God of Seeing" (Genesis 16:13) – the name ascribed to God by Hagar, alone and desperate in the wilderness after being driven out by Sarah (Genesis 16:1-14). When Hagar met the Angel of the Lord, she realized she had seen God Himself in a theophany. She also realized that El Roi saw her in her distress and testified that He is a God who lives and sees all.

EL-OLAM: "Everlasting God" (Psalm 90:1-3) – God’s nature is without beginning or end, free from all constraints of time, and He contains within Himself the very cause of time itself. “From everlasting to everlasting, You are God.”

EL-GIBHOR: “Mighty God” (Isaiah 9:6) – the name describing the Messiah, Christ Jesus, in this prophetic portion of Isaiah. As a powerful and mighty warrior, the Messiah, the Mighty God, will accomplish the destruction of God’s enemies and rule with a rod of iron (Revelation 19:15).

http://www.gotquestions.org/names-of-God.html

Genesis 3:17-24: The Tree of Life

Like so many of my posts I take questions/biblical problems from others and answer them to the best of my ability on a blog post like this.  This one is about the "Tree of Life" mentioned in Genesis 3.  The picture above is from a user on facebook that asked:

 "So god didn't throw Adam n eve out of Eden for eating of the tree of knowledge ....but for fear we would eat of the tree of life?"

I want to begin to answer this by reading Genesis 3:17 through 24 (as opposed to verses 17, 22, and 24 only.)

Genesis 3:17-24World English Bible (WEB)

¹⁷ To Adam he said,

“Because you have listened to your wife’s voice,
    and ate from the tree,
    about which I commanded you, saying, ‘You shall not eat of it,’
    the ground is cursed for your sake.
You will eat from it with much labor all the days of your life.
¹⁸     It will yield thorns and thistles to you;
    and you will eat the herb of the field.
¹⁹ By the sweat of your face will you eat bread until you return to the ground,
    for out of it you were taken.
For you are dust,
    and to dust you shall return.”

²⁰ The man called his wife Eve because she would be the mother of all the living. ²¹ Yahweh God made coats of animal skins for Adam and for his wife, and clothed them.
²² Yahweh God said, “Behold, the man has become like one of us, knowing good and evil. Now, lest he reach out his hand, and also take of the tree of life, and eat, and live forever...” ²³ Therefore Yahweh God sent him out from the garden of Eden, to till the ground from which he was taken. ²⁴ So he drove out the man; and he placed cherubim at the east of the garden of Eden, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life.

In the Bible many things literally happen for a symbolic reason to point to something in the future (foreshadowing) and in most cases point to Christ.  For example, the passover.  For those of you who do not know what the passover is here's a recap:

http://www.carm.org/passover

The lamb's blood over the door posts resembled the blood of Christ of whom has been referred to as the "Lamb of God" in the New Testament.

If you look at Revelation 2:7 the "Tree of Life" is welcomed:
 7  He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the assemblies. To him who overcomes I will give to eat of the tree of life, which is in the Paradise of my God. 

The commonality of Genesis 3:22 and Revelation 2:7 is that when Adam and Eve were in their fallen state God kicked them out of the Garden of Eden because
1. They disobeyed and that led to their fallen state
2. He knew that they would partake of that which the Tree of Life produced, but because they were in a fallen state God did not want them to live forever within it.

II Timothy 1:10
 8 Therefore don’t be ashamed of the testimony of our Lord, nor of me his prisoner; but endure hardship for the Good News according to the power of God,  9 who saved us and called us with a holy calling, not according to our works, but according to his own purpose and grace, which was given to us in Christ Jesus before times eternal,  10 but has now been revealed by the appearing of our Savior, Christ Jesus, who abolished death, and brought life and immortality to light through the Good News.

Jesus brings life and immortality...

Revelation 22:1-3a
1 He showed me a^*n1 river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the throne of God and of the Lamb,  2 in the middle of its street. On this side of the river and on that was the tree of life, bearing twelve kinds of fruits, yielding its fruit every month. The leaves of the tree were for the healing of the nations.  3 There will be no curse any more. The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it...

"The throne of God and of the Lamb will be in it..."

There seems to be striking similarities between Jesus and this tree.  The tree represents Jesus and what He brings to His true disciples.


Ultimately Adam and Eve were kicked out of the Garden for their disobedience.  Had it not been for their disobedience their eyes wouldn't have been opened to good and evil.  Today because of fallen nature our hearts are "...deceitful above all things, and it is exceedingly corrupt..." (Jeremiah 17:9) 

So God preventing Adam and Eve from partaking in the fruit of the Tree of Life was actually a decision of mercy on behalf of their actions that led to their fallen status.  If they were to live forever then they would be living forever in sin and immorality; but we have Jesus: the bread of life and living water who is the Tree of Life who provided the way to eternal life.  

Rebuttal to a "Muhammad In the Old Testament" argument

This post is a Muslim's attempt to prove Muhammad Is mentioned in the Bible and my rebuttal to his claims.

Muhammad in the Old Testament copy/paste argument rebuttal:

PROPHET MUHAMMAD (pbuh) IN THE BIBLE

Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) in the Old Testament:

The Qur’an mentions in Surah Al-Araf chapter 7 verse 157:

"Those who follow the Messenger, the unlettered Prophet, whom they find mentioned in their own (scriptures) in the law and the Gospel".

1. MUHAMMAD (PBUH) PROPHESISED IN THE BOOK OF DEUTERONOMY:

Almighty God speaks to Moses in Book of Deuteronomy chapter 18 verse 18:

"I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and I will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him."

The Christians say that this prophecy refers to Jesus (pbuh) because Jesus (pbuh) was like Moses (pbuh). Moses (pbuh) was a Jew, as well as Jesus (pbuh) was a Jew. Moses (pbuh) was a Prophet and Jesus (pbuh) was also a Prophet.

>>Correct so far...

If these two are the only criteria for this prophecy to be fulfilled, then all the Prophets of the Bible who came after
Moses (pbuh) such as Solomon, Isaiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Hosea, Joel, Malachi, John the Baptist, etc. (pbut) will
fulfill this prophecy since all were Jews as well as prophets.

>>But were not like Moses in the sense that Moses was a messiah to the people Israel (like Jesus was.) Deuteronomy 18:15-18World English Bible (WEB)

15 Yahweh your God will raise up to you a prophet from among you, of your brothers, like me. You shall listen to him. 16 This is according to all that you desired of Yahweh your God in Horeb in the day of the assembly, saying, “Let me not hear again Yahweh my God’s voice, neither let me see this great fire any more, that I not die.”
17 Yahweh said to me, “They have well said that which they have spoken. 18 I will raise them up a prophet from among their brothers, like you. I will put my words in his mouth, and he shall speak to them all that I shall command him. 

Now this is verses 15-18. God said that He would RAISE UP A PROPHET from among YOUR(v15)/THEIR(v17) BROTHERS...

It is clear from this that the prophet was to be a Hebrew, not an Arabic. A Jew, not a Muslim...
Another interesting fact: all of the prophets of the Bible, to include Jesus, were Hebrew.

However, it is Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) who is like Moses (pbuh):

i) Both had a father and a mother, while Jesus (pbuh) was born miraculously without any male intervention.

>>Muhammad had convulsions, and only had revelations when wearing his favorite, and youngest, wife's garments. Does this disqualify Muhammad yet? Because Moses didn't do that.

[Mathew 1:18 and Luke 1:35 and also Al-Qur'an 3:42-47]

ii) Both were married and had children. Jesus (pbuh) according to the Bible did not marry nor had children.

>>Why would this disqualify Jesus. I suppose you'd say that another requirement would be that Jesus had to kill someone (like Moses) or multitudes (like Muhammad.)

iii) Both died natural deaths. Jesus (pbuh) has been raised up alive. (4:157-158)

>>Jesus died by crucifixion (but of course your Qu'ran says that He ascended and that someone in His likeness was crucified)

Isaiah 53World English Bible (WEB)

53 Who has believed our message?
    To whom has the arm of Yahweh been revealed?
2 For he grew up before him as a tender plant,
    and as a root out of dry ground.
He has no good looks or majesty.
    When we see him, there is no beauty that we should desire him.
3 He was despised,
    and rejected by men;
a man of suffering,
    and acquainted with disease.
He was despised as one from whom men hide their face;
    and we didn’t respect him.
4 Surely he has borne our sickness,
    and carried our suffering;
yet we considered him plagued,
    struck by God, and afflicted.
5 But he was pierced for our transgressions.
    He was crushed for our iniquities.
The punishment that brought our peace was on him;
    and by his wounds we are healed.
6 All we like sheep have gone astray.
    Everyone has turned to his own way;
    and Yahweh has laid on him the iniquity of us all.
7 He was oppressed,
    yet when he was afflicted he didn’t open his mouth.
As a lamb that is led to the slaughter,
    and as a sheep that before its shearers is silent,
    so he didn’t open his mouth.
8 He was taken away by oppression and judgment;
    and as for his generation,
    who considered that he was cut off out of the land of the living
    and stricken for the disobedience of my people?
9 They made his grave with the wicked,
    and with a rich man in his death;
although he had done no violence,
    nor was any deceit in his mouth.
10 Yet it pleased Yahweh to bruise him.
    He has caused him to suffer.
When you make his soul an offering for sin,
    he will see his offspring.[a]
He will prolong his days,
    and Yahweh’s pleasure will prosper in his hand.
11 After the suffering of his soul,
    he will see the light[b] and be satisfied.
My righteous servant will justify many by the knowledge of himself;
    and he will bear their iniquities.
12 Therefore will I give him a portion with the great,
    and he will divide the plunder with the strong;
because he poured out his soul to death,
    and was numbered with the transgressors;
yet he bore the sin of many,
    and made intercession for the transgressors.

Jesus, the prophesied Messiah, was suppose to be ...pierced for our transgressions...

Him not dying a “natural death” did not disqualify him from being the Chosen One of God.

Muhammad (pbuh) is from among the brethren of Moses (pbuh). Arabs are brethren of Jews. Abraham (pbuh) had two sons: Ishmail and Isaac (pbut). The Arabs are the descendants of Ishmail (pbuh) and the Jews are the descendants of Isaac (pbuh).

Words in the mouth:

Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was unlettered and whatever revelations he received from Almighty God he repeated them verbatim.

"I will raise them up a Prophet from among their brethren, like unto thee, and will put my words in his mouth; and he shall speak unto them all that I shall command him."

[Deuteronomy 18:18]

>>1. It also says:

Deuteronomy 18:20World English Bible (WEB)

20 But the prophet who speaks a word presumptuously in my name, which I have not commanded him to speak, or who speaks in the name of other gods, that same prophet shall die.”

Allah of the Qu'ran has a general name (Allah, which literally means “The God”) and the God of the Bible's name is Yahweh (or YHWH.) Is this different from Allah? Completely. This disqualifies Muhammad from being a true prophet of God.

"And it shall come to pass, that whosoever will not hearken unto my words which he shall speak in my name, I will require it of him."

3. Muhammad (pbuh) is prophesised in the book of Isaiah:

It is mentioned in the book of Isaiah chapter 29 verse 12:

"And the book is delivered to him that is not learned, saying, Read this, I pray thee: and he saith, I am not learned."

When Archangel Gabrail commanded Muhammad (pbuh) by saying Iqra - "Read", he replied, "I am not learned".

>>Common misconception.  Lets look at CONTEXT:
The verse says,
*[[Isa 29:12]] WEB* and the book is delivered to one who is not educated, saying, “Read this, please;” and he says, “I can’t read.”

But the verse right before it says this,
*[[Isa 29:11]] WEB* All vision has become to you like the words of a book that is sealed, which men deliver to one who is educated, saying, “Read this, please;” and he says, “I can’t, for it is sealed;”

So this prophecy has nothing to do with Muhammad at all.

4. prophet Muhammad (pbuh) mentioned by name in the old testament:

Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is mentioned by name in the So

ng of Solomon chapter 5 verse 16:

"Hikko Mamittakim we kullo Muhammadim Zehdoodeh wa Zehraee Bayna Jerusalem."

"His mouth is most sweet: yea, he is altogether lovely. This is my beloved, and this is my friend, O daughters
of Jerusalem."

In the Hebrew language im is added for respect. Similarely im is added after the name of Prophet Muhammad
(pbuh) to make it Muhammadim. In English translation they have even translated the name of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) as "altogether lovely", but in the Old Testament in Hebrew, the name of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) is yet present.

KIng james version

>>The word "Muhammadim" means lovely.  It doesn't mean that Muhammad Is lovely. 
Suppose your name is Eli.  With the logic used by Muslims to justify that Muhammad is mentioned in Song of Solomon 16:5 is about like saying 1 Kings 18:8 is mentioning you:

*[[1Ki 18:8]] WEB* He answered him, “It is I. Go, tell your lord, ‘Behold, Elijah is here!’”

Aha! You see?! ...Eli... I am totally mentioned in this verse!
It sounds ridiculous but this is what Muslim apologists have resorted to.

New Testament Study of Word "Doctrine"

Word study in the word, “Doctrine.”

Taken from the WEB (World English Bible)

Doctrine
noun (plural doctrines)A belief or tenet, especially about philosophical or theological matters.The body of teachings of a religion, or a religious leader, organization, group or text.

I'll start with the positive references:

*[[1Ti 4:6]] WEB* If you instruct the brothers of these things, you will be a good servant of Christ Jesus, nourished in the words of the faith, and of the good doctrine which you have followed.

*[[Rom 16:17]] WEB* Now I beg you, brothers, look out for those who are causing the divisions and occasions of stumbling, contrary to the doctrine which you learned, and turn away from them.

*[[1Ti 1:3]] WEB* As I urged you when I was going into Macedonia, stay at Ephesus that you might command certain men not to teach a different doctrine,

*[[1Ti 1:10]] WEB* for the sexually immoral, for homosexuals, for slave-traders, for liars, for perjurers, and for any other thing contrary to the sound doctrine,

*[[1Ti 4:6]] WEB* If you instruct the brothers of these things, you will be a good servant of Christ Jesus, nourished in the words of the faith, and of the good doctrine which you have followed.

*[[1Ti 6:1]] WEB* Let as many as are bondservants under the yoke count their own masters worthy of all honor, that the name of God and the doctrine not be blasphemed.

*[[1Ti 6:3]] WEB* If anyone teaches a different doctrine, and doesn’t consent to sound words, the words of our Lord Jesus Christ, and to the doctrine which is according to godliness,

*[[2Ti 4:3]] WEB* For the time will come when they will not listen to the sound doctrine, but having itching ears, will heap up for themselves teachers after their own lusts,

*[[Tit 1:9]] WEB* holding to the faithful word which is according to the teaching, that he may be able to exhort in the sound doctrine, and to convict those who contradict him.

*[[Tit 2:1]] WEB* But say the things which fit sound doctrine,

*[[Tit 2:10]] WEB* not stealing, but showing all good fidelity, that they may adorn the doctrine of God, our Savior, in all things.

And Now the Negative References:

*[[Mat 15:9]] WEB* And in vain do they worship me, teaching as doctrine rules made by men.’”

*[[Mar 7:7]] WEB* But they worship me in vain, teaching as doctrines the commandments of men.’

*[[1Ti 1:3]] WEB* As I urged you when I was going into Macedonia, stay at Ephesus that you might command certain men not to teach a different doctrine,

*[[1Ti 4:1]] WEB* But the Spirit says expressly that in later times some will fall away from the faith, paying attention to seducing spirits and doctrines of demons,

As you can see it is okay to, "believe in" doctrine.